Critical analysis of metaphor aims to study and analyze discourse to show how covert power is enacted, practiced, and reproduced in text and talk through metaphors in the social and political contexts. In the present research, instances of discourse metaphors extracted from opposing wing’ s newspapers such as Keyhan and MardomSalari in Iran and Telegraph and Mirror in England were analyzed based on Charteris-black’ s integrative critical metaphor research. The aim was to investigate the similarities and differences between metaphors and conceptual metaphors in each discourse and subsequently in each language. The results shows the metaphorical features of the discourses in terms of source domains. Furthermore, this study shows how identical facts are demonstrated differently by opposing ideologies and how metaphors are used for persuasion. This method was an effective approach in demonstrating hidden power relations and considered as a relatively new and integrative view to the usage of metaphors in discourse.

This article presents a critical review of the Farsi translation of the book Metaphor authored by David Punter. The book was translated into Farsi by Mohammad Mehdi Moghimizadeh and published by Elm publications. In this book, Punter explores the role of metaphor in different aspects of human knowledge, from literature, philosophy, and religion to politics and psychoanalysis. The translated version of the book was evaluated in terms of both form and content. Form evaluation included technical, organizational and editorial characteristics of the book, and content evaluation assessed the quality and accuracy of translation and equivalents. Including a section titled “ Translator’ s endnotes” in the translated version, footnoting technical terms and proper names, and fluent language are among the merits of the book. On the other hand, the existence of typographical errors, use of inaccurate equivalents, inconsistent use of equivalents, insufficient command of the source language grammar, and distortion of metaphors during the process of translation are the drawbacks of the book. The book has the potential to open up new horizons to Farsi readership, especially for those who have a background within the domain of metaphor and critical studies. A better understanding of examples and metaphors discussed, however, would require the readers to refer back to the original version of the book.

Grammatical metaphor is one of the major issues in systemic functional grammar which has received much more attention recently. The main question of this research is: What are the functions of grammatical metaphors, such as nominalization and modality, in political discourse, and why do media use grammatical metaphors in texts? The main objective of this research is to study the role of grammatical metaphor in political discourse based on systemic functional grammar. In this research, the basic functions of grammatical metaphors, namely nominalization and modality, in political discourse are investigated. The needed data are extracted from Resalat and Shargh newspapers; the frequencies of nominalization in two newspapers are 408 and 304, respectively. The frequencies of modality in Resalat and Shargh newspapers are 30 and 32, respectively. The results of research indicate that main functions of nominalization metaphor are foregrounding of positive self-representation, foregrounding of negative other representation, hiding ideologies and suppression of message, creating cohesion and coherence, changing the distribution of theme and rheme, changing the distribution of old and new information. Moreover, the results indicate that the main functions of grammatical metaphor of modality in political discourse are concretizing of ideologies, expressing attitudes of writer, indicating the degree of certainty of proposition occurrence, and foregrounding ideologies.

This article is aimed at investigating different representations of “ Love” in Persian Lyrics of Pop songs through identifying, classifying, and analyzing the conceptual metaphors of “ Love” . “ Love” as an abstract concept has always been an interesting subject in anthropological, sociological, and psychological studies mostly focusing on defining “ love” in the best way. Protasi (2008) believes that Love can be considered as Eros which is defined as passionate love for someone. In Moein Encyclopedic Dictionary, “ Love” is defined as “ loving someone passionately, great attraction, and pleasure” . “ Platonic Love” is another term mentioned under the same entry which is considered “ loving someone without any physical attraction” . From a linguistic point of view, different ways of conceptualizing “ Love” have been studied in the domain of emotions and human relations in recent years. According to Kö vecses (2007, p. 2-9) basic emotions category includes love, joy, sadness, anger, and fear in most languages and cultures although there may be some minor differences among them. Conceptual metaphors and their roles in the category of concepts of emotions can be culture specific. Therefore, it is important to find out whether these conceptual metaphors form social models of emotions, or social models are just represented through these metaphors. Kö vecses believes that both happen in languages. 1. Theoretical framework In this research corpus-based critical metaphor analysis has been applied as the theoretical framework. The theory of conceptual metaphor which has received so much attention in recent years is used to identify the metaphors. Cognitive linguistics which is focused on human neural system and how it affects language and cognition has not paid that much attention to the role of socio-cultural factors and how they are related to discourse until recent years. Lee (2016) believes that by critical metaphor analysis, the speaker’ s implicit intentions and the hidden power relations can be revealed. On the other hand, critical discourse analysis deals with social problems, and aims at discovering the ideologies in the discourse. In this research the corpus-based critical metaphor analysis is based on the methodology introduced by Charteris-Black (2004). Metaphor analysis typically proceeds by collecting linguistic metaphors, generalizing from them to the conceptual metaphors and then using the results to suggest understandings or thought patterns which construct or constrain people’ s beliefs and actions (Cameron & Low, 1999, p. 80). These stages are a lot similar to three phases introduced in Fairclough (1995, p. 6) including identification, interpretation and explanation. Charteris-Black (2004) introduced three terms: conceptual key is a statement which resolves the semantic tension of a set of conceptual metaphors by showing their relationships; conceptual metaphor is a statement that resolves the semantic tension of a set of metaphors by showing their relationships, and metaphor which is a linguistic representation resulted from a change in the usage of a word or phrase from an expected context or domain to another unexpected domain or context, a change that creates semantic tension. Those instances that have metaphoric usage according to this framework are searched as keywords in the corpus and analyzed quantitatively. In the second phase which is qualitative, the context of the keywords is checked in the corpus to find out whether the keywords have a metaphoric or literal usage. In the next phase, it is tried to connect metaphors to the cognitive and pragmatic factors related to their usage. 2. MethodologyThis research is a corpus-based discourse study, and aims at the critical analysis of love metaphor in the corpus of Persian lyrics in love and social Pop songs according to “ Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor” (Charteris-Black, 2004) in order to find out the significant differences between the metaphoric representations of love in these two genres. So, the method is a descriptive-analytic one. The analysis is based on the conceptual metaphors which were classified as structural, ontological and orientational metaphors. The research hypotheses are as follows: Conceptual metaphors of love in both genres can be classified into structural, ontological and orientational categories. The ways of conceptualization of love in structural, ontological and orientational metaphors show quantitative and qualitative significant differences in love and social lyrics. 3. Results and discussionsThe sample consists of 150 lyrics (75 lyrics in each genre) which have been selected using corpus and computational methods from the corpus of contemporary Persian pop Lyrics consisting of 1000 lyrics (177377 words) (Amiri, 1395). 219 metaphors were analyzed. Findings show that ontological (N: 119), structural (N: 98) and orientational (N: 2) had the most and the least frequencies. Two conceptual keys, LOVE IS UNITY, and LOVE IS FORCE were identified. The occurrence of all metaphors of LOVE IS UNITY in love lyrics is higher than social lyrics and in LOVE IS FORCE conceptual key LOVE IS MOTIVE/ HEALER/ TORTURE is higher than in love lyrics. Statistical analysis shows that the difference between two genres in the LOVE IS UNITY conceptual key and LOVE IS BURNING/ CAUSE/ JUERNEY/ PLANT conceptual metaphors is significant (P<0. 05).

An examination of the views of great thinkers such as Bourdieu, Foucault, and Habermas suggest that we live in a language age. Thus, questions of language and power are increasingly raised in politics and the public sphere, but have received less attention. Due to this issue, the purpose of this study is to critically analyze the metaphor of policy-making and policy implementation and provide alternative metaphors for them. To achieve this goal, the method of critical metaphor analysis was used. In this method, metaphor was recognized, interpreted and explained in three steps. The findings show that the metaphor of policy-making and policy implementation is a conventional and fruitful metaphor. Hence, the concepts of "approval", "notification", "order", "implementation", "mission", "report", etc. are derived from the generative metaphor of "policy-making and policy implementation" that affects the cognitive system of actors, and prevents them from acting. The results show that the metaphor of Policy making and Policy implementation indirectly and covertly values actors and persuades them to act. Hence the alternative metaphor of policy development and policy enactment were presented. Policy enactment is a theory that was endorsed in 2012 by Ball et al.

Critical Metaphor Theory is an approach to the study of metaphors in order to identify the intentions and ideologies behind language use. Chartris-Black (2005) believes that metaphor, myth, and ideology have persuasive function in discourse, especially in political texts. . . .

The emergence of comparative literature bestowed to a great extent the democracy and justice to the world of doing research. One of its branches is interdisciplinary studies which deal with the mutual interactions among different sciences. Before the twentieth century, time was considered as one of the rigid criteria which was used to measure the world. By the advent of Einstein's theory of relativity, time was to be considered relatively. Despite classical authors who viewed time from the outside and considered it as the causal consequences, modern novelists distorted the time sequence and employed the stream of consciousness as a means of their narration. One of the most successful works, in this respect, is Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury (1929) in which he follows the theory of relativity and ignores the linear conception of time. The major concern in this paper is to analyze the impact of Einstein's relativity on the early twentieth novelist in general, and on The Sound and the Fury, in particular.

One of the controversial issues related to metaphor is implicit metaphor. There is no evidence of this metaphor in the first rhetorical works. Later, Jurjani discussed this type of metaphor but didn’t give a name to it. Since this term was coined, there were argues whether it is right or not. Some did not accept it as a metaphor; some recognized it as a kind of implicit simile, and some just repeated other’s views. Some researchers tried to solve the issue by considering it a kind of personification. However, they have finally admitted that the implicit metaphor is broader and more inclusive than personification. In addition to studying and reviewing this term chronologically in rhetorical works, in this paper, it is shown that rhetoricians were more interested in lexical aspects of this term rather than the definition of metaphor and focus on the implicit metaphor from a terminological aspect. While based on the definition of Sakkaki and some other rhetoricians, this structure is considered "metaphor", terms such as being “imaginative” can not be accepted. Personification, submerged metaphor, and animism must be recognized as branches of the implicit metaphor, not as alternatives for it.

This qualitative study was conducted with the purpose of investigating gender in female and male narratives of war from the perspective of critical analysis of metaphor with the method of qualitative content analysis,thus, all written scientific sources were studied and conceptual metaphors and schemas applied in six stories about war were extracted. After comparing the metaphors and schemas, the methods of authors' mental conceptualization were identified from the metaphors extracted from their works. After analyzing the data, the types of schemas applied in the stories were extracted on the basis of the role of gender in analyzing the metaphors, the how of conceptualization with the metaphors and hidden insights in storytelling. The results showed that in the works of female writers, the most metaphor is related to ontological metaphor and the least is related to directional one, and in the works of male writers, the most is related to structural metaphor and the least is related to directional one. This difference between men and women in terms of applying the type of metaphor demonstrates the type of their attitude and ability or their greater desire to objectify abstract concepts. According to the results, the mentioned method can be suitable for analyzing the narratives from the perspective of critical analysis of metaphor in the literature of holy defense,because, the schemas on the one hand shows the linguistic constructions and on the other hand indicates the formation of mental images as a result of conceptualization.